CRJS466IP5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRJS466IP5 - Research Paper Example uffers from either major depressive, manic, and mixed episodes coupled with hallucinations, delusions, catatonic behaviour, or disorganized speech (Hodgins & Drmed, 2004). According to James & Glaze (2006), patients with schizoaffective disorder are at higher risks of engaging in crime compared to those suffering from disorders like schizophrenia, Bipolar, and unipolar affective disorders. Additionally, patients from minority groups whose gender orientation was male were more likely to engage in violent crime hence arrested. James & Glaze (2006) also reveal that by 2005, more than half of the prison and jail inmates demonstrated mental health problems in state, local and federal prisons. Originally, persons with schizoaffective disorder with a recent history of mental health issue diagnosed by a health professional were not eligible for conviction given that they were said not to be understand their actions even though they were aware they had commited them. This is indicated by the 2005 statistics that revealed that approximately 10% of federal prisoners, 15% of state prisoners, and 24% of local jail inmates demonstrated one symptom of psychotic diso rder. In the case of Panetti, it was revealed that prior to the crime, he camouflaged military fatigues and shaved his hair (Birnbaum, 2006). During the killing, his wife and daugher pleaded with him for their lives and he only sprayed them with the victim’s blood befor escaping to a close bunkhouse. Despite having suffered numeruous episodes of schizopherenia and schizoaffective disorder prior to his crime, the judge rulled that he was fit to stand trial since he could represent himself. (Birnbaum, 2006) Owing to his hallucinations and the fact that he claimed that he had been possed by a strange personality he called â€Å"Sarge’ it was just to remand Panetti for mental evaluation. Panetti claimed that Sarge was responsible fo the killings as he had been compelled to kill the Alvarados. However, the court found

The Military Art Reseach Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Military Art Reseach - Research Paper Example With the passage of time, technology has grown and revolutionized the world. This revolution has changed the contemporary nature of war as well. Different wars have led to different consequences as its affect on politics, economy and psychology of the masses depends on the nature of war. Total war not only affects the political system of a nation but can also affect the social and economic system. Total war deploys strategies and resources to defeat the enemy in every way possible which may even include the psychology of people. In this paper, we will discuss the transition in the nature of war based on our study of Napoleonic, American Civil and Franco Prussian wars. All three of these wars mark the transition from limited to total war. These wars hold great importance in our history as they have produced dire consequences because of their nature. Napoleonic wars were a series of wars, fought between France and several other European states between 1792 and 1815. These wars are impo rtant in the respect that they earned the title of first total war in western history. Previously Europe had seen limited wars which meant that armies avoided large scale battles, civilians could hope for merciful treatment from the enemy, Enemy officers were considered as honorable adversaries at the time of settlements and the wars followed the codes of aristocratic honor. The French revolution broke this tradition of limited war. It overthrew the country’s aristocracy and waged war under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte against several European states. In the Napoleonic wars not only were young men supposed to participate in war but women, children and the aged were also required to channel their energies into war efforts. The statistical results clearly identify the catastrophic casualties of this total war. â€Å"More than one-fifth of all the major battles fought in Europe between 1490 and 1815 took place in the 25 years after 1790. Before 1790 only a handful of ba ttles had involved more than 100,000 combatants; in the 1809 Battle of Wagram, largest in the gunpowder age to date, involved 300,000. Just four years later the Battle of Leipzig drew 500,000, with fully 150,000 of them killed or wounded.† (â€Å"Napoleon's Total War†). France alone counted around one million war deaths. In these series of wars, the whole population was mobilized which meant that every citizen was supposed to participate in the war in one way or the other. The technological aspect of these wars that aided in the transition from limited war was the advent of cheap small arms and mobile cannons due to which the number of citizen soldiers increased. Almost forty six years after the defeat of Napoleon at waterloo, the world witnessed another total war at another geographical area that is America. American Civil war (1861-1865) was another series of conflicts between American Union and American Confederacy. Most of these conflicts took place in the southern states of America. â€Å"The Union lost about 360,000 troops during the Civil War and the Confederacy about 260,000. This is almost as many soldiers as have died in all other American wars combined.† (â€Å"Civil War Guide†). American Civil war became known as the first total war of modern history because it brought various social and financial changes in the system. The civil war initially started as a limited war but it gradually changed into total war. It was a war between the people and not

International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000

International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 Transformation coordinates from International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 to World Geodetic System 1984 Geodetic network is an essential frame of spatial data. Also it is an information system for geodetic and engineering surveys, land management, geodetic support of construction, monitoring of buildings and structures deformations, topographical mapping, development of geographical information systems, transport navigation. There are several coordinate systems to solve tasks as described above. Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems cause a problem of installing communication between coordinate systems. G.I.S. specialists should know how to work with various kinds of geospatial data, that are acquired from terrestrial surveying, Global Navigation Satellite System observations and online GNSS processing service. Besides coordinates can relate to global, regional and local reference systems (Bosy J., 2014). Geodesists should understand and be able to handle with reference frame conversions in order to get high-quality geospatial data: maps, digital models of the Earth. The aim of thi s research is to find better transformation model between ITRF2000 and WGS84 by comparison Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas models. First of all, short definitions on two reference frames should be done. The ITRF is stands for International Terrestrial Reference Frame. It is earth-centered and earth-fixed datum. It was presented in 1988. Coordinates are based on the GRS80 ellipsoid, which was designed to suit the shape of the geoid. The geoid is an irregular surface, which coincides with the surface of the water in the seas and oceans. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at any point. ITRF is sustained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (Altamimi Z., 2011). Also it is a global network with points that have accurate coordinates. Coordinates are derived from geodetic measurements using GNSS and different laser rangings (Jannsen V., 2009). This network contains 800 stations that are distributed over the globe. The latest realization of the ITRF was done in 2008. The realization is a defining of stations' coordinates and linear velocities (Altamimi Z., 2011). In contrast, WGS84 is a regular Terrestrial Reference System. It is geocentric, right-handed, orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy and navigation (NIMA, 2000). The WGS84 Coordinate System center is a geometric center of the WGS84 Ellipsoid. The National Geospatial Intelligence Agency operates this common Terrestrial Reference System. Due to National Imagery and Mapping Agency (1997) the last reference system is developed in order to match International Reference System. The X and Z axes are consonant with the Reference Meridian, Reference Pole consequently. Also Y axis is stationed on ninety degrees from X and Z axes (NIMA, 2000). Furthermore, ITRF coordinates might differ from WGS84 coordinates in different regions at sub-metre level (Winter S., 2014). Consequently, two reference systems' convention increases with time (Jannsen V., 2009). Aghamohammadi in his work stated that those varieties might be solved at the centimeter level by using seven-parameter conversion (Aghamohammadi A.). Therefore, one datum can be transferred to another datum by the Helmert 7-parameter transformation (Knippers R., 1998). Those parameters are: three rotations (ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ³), origin shift of three coordinates (ΔX, ΔYandΔZ) and scale (s). The Helmert transformation model is a seven parameter transformation. It is either a position vector and coordinate frame conversion. In the coordinate frame transformation parameters are transformed for the whole reference system. The Bursa-Wolf transformation model is the position vector transformation (Deakin R., 2006). In contrast to the coordinate frame transformation it uses rotations that are refer to the point's vector. These two models are almost the same. Yet their rotations have reversible signs. Moreover, Aghamohammadi tested two transformation models Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas (Aghamohammadi A.). The first model's formulas were done by Bursa in 1962. In 1963 Wolf had improved it. It is a seven-parameter model. It transfers three dimensional Cartesian coordinates between two datums. This model uses origin shifts of coordinates, rotation angles and scale change. Below its matrix-vector form: The second model is Molodensky-Badekas model. It was introduced by Molodensky in 1962, then developed in 1969. It is also seven-parameter conformal conversion of Cartesian coordinates between different datums. The formula of transformation is: Where ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ are the shifts between the barycenter and centroid of two networks. And rx, ry, rz are rotation of positions, ds is a scale change. Moreover, Aghamohammadi stated that Molodensky-Badekas model dissimilar from Bursa-Wolf model by the point about which axes are rotate and scale is changed (Aghamohammadi A.).The Molodensky-badekas model is often used for the conversion coordinates between terrestrial and satellite datums. Yet for that condition the central point should be the barycentre (Aghamohammadi A.). In contrast the Bursa-Wolf transformation model does not need the centroid coordinates as in the Molodensky-Badekas model. Aghamohammadi described those two models in his work (Aghamohammadi A.). That author wrote that research was done in Iran region, where he compared transformation models to find appropriate model. The main issue of that work was that Iranian Permanent Network's coordinates are estimated in ITRF. National GPS network coordinates are in WGS84 coordinate system. And differences from two reference systems can be more than  ± meter. Due to results and some parameters concluded that Bursa-Wolf model is better that Molodensky-Badekas model (Aghamohammadi A.). The author wrote that the first model is simpler and easier to use than the second. Also it is better suits to the satellite datums. Finally, there are many computer programs that allow us to transfer coordinates from one system to another. However, it is important to know which method you will choose in order to achieve expected result. I suppose that this work covered theoretical part of the issue. Besides the Bursa-Wolf model can be proposed as good model due to its simplicity. In the future work I can choose this model to transform coordinates from ITRF2000 to WGS84. References Aghamohammadi A., Nankali H. R., Djamour Y. Transformation from ITRF2000 to WGS84. [e-journal] Available though: National Cartographic Center of Iran website http://ncc.org.ir/_DouranPortal/Documents/a-aghamohammadi.pdf [Accessed 2 November 2014]. Altamimi Z., Boucher C., Sillard P. (2011) New Trends for the Realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System. [e-journal] Available through: University of Liege website http://www.ltas-vis.ulg.ac.be/cmsms/uploads/File/ITRS.pdf [Accessed 2 November 2014]. Bosy J., (2014) Global, Regional and National Geodetic Reference Frames for Geodesy and Geodynamics. [e-journal] Available through: scientific publisher Springer link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00024-013-0676-8#page-1 [Accessed 2 November 2014]. NIMA (2000) Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems. [e-journal] Available through National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency website http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/Publications/tr8350.2/wgs84fin.pdf [Accessed 2 November 2014]. Deakin R., (2006) A note on the Bursa-Wolf and Molodensky-Badekas transformations. [e-journal] Available through ResearchGate social networking website http://researchgate.net/publication/228757515_a_note_on_the_bursa-wolf_and_molodensky-badekas_transformations [Accessed 1 November 2014]. Knippers R., (1998) Coordinate systems and Map projections, ITC-notes. [e-journal] Available through: International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation website http://kartoweb.itc.nl/geometrics/publications/kt20003coordtransuk.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2014]. Jannsen V.,(2009) Understanding Coordinate Systems, Datums and Transformations in Australia. [e-journal] Available through: University of Tasmania Library website http://eprints.utas.edu.au/9489/1/Janssen_2009_SSC2009_proceedings_version.pdf [Accessed 1 November 2014]. Winter S., Rizos C., (2014) Dynamic Datum Transformations in Australia and New Zealand. [e-journal] Available through: CEUR Workshop Proceedings publication service http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1142/paper6.pdf [Accessed 2 November 2014].

Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in Sordaria

INTRODUCTION Sordaria fimicola is an ascomecyete fungus studied for its product of meiosis and mitosis that form 8 haploid spores. These spores are contained in a fruiting body called perithecia. Asci made up of spores are contained in this body. The perithecia are squashed in order to better identify the asci. Scordaria is a very beneficial organism to study genetic variation because it is maintainable in a lab, has a short life cycle, its asci are easily distinguishable under a microscope and it helps to understand meiosis. Sordaira is found in Evolution canyon.It is a place in Israel that is a natural setting to explore the relations of organisms and their environment. Each side of the canyon is very different. One side is exposed to harsh conditions and much sun exposure while the other has more moderate conditions. The European slope of the canyon has dark gray landscape while the African slope has a lighter brown landscape. Meiosis is a reduction process that reduces diploid ce lls to haploid cells(2N1N). Meiosis I cause genetic variation to occur through the process of crossing over and independent assortment.Two haploid daughter cells are formed at the end of Meiosis I. Meiosis II then forms four haploid daughter cells. Every cell differs in its genetic material. Mitosis then creates 8 spores. These spores can have combinations of tan or gray to wild such as 4:4, 2:4:2, and 2:2:2:2. When the spores mature, they will be released. Two haploid cells will then unite through fertilization to form a diploid zygote. This lab will further our knowledge of meiosis and the benefits of genetic variation in Scordaria fimicola.Two types of fungi were used to show the effects of crossing over and independent assortment. The fungi combinations were created by placing two samples of tan or gray type on an agar plate and two samples of wild type and allowing them to combine over two weeks. After this amount of time the perithecia are well enough developed and are able to be squashed. The spores show different color combinations due to the meeting of wild and mutant type fungi. The mutant types will show light tan or gray color and the wild shows a dark spore.This will show us the combinations of spores created from meiosis and mitosis. It is expected that all three combinations of asci will be shown. It is expected that tan type will show more recombinant asci than the gray type. The purpose of this experiment is to show the distance between gene and centromere as well as the importance of sexual reproduction and genetic variation. METHODS Two agar plates were set up to allow the spore mutations to occur. Each plate was divided into four sections. Wild and tan or gray type Sordaria was placed in opposing sections of the plate.The plates were then left to incubate for two weeks. After the two weeks samples were taken from the plate and then squashed onto a microscope slide in order to burst the perithecia to view the asci. Crossover frequencies were measures by counting the frequency patterns of asci within an ascus cluster. Map distances, which measures the distance from gene to centromere, were then calculated after asci totals were found. RESULTS The asci were sorted into individual, group, section, and were then combined into group data. Combined Course DataNon-recombinant| Recombinant| Total # of Asci| Total # Recombinant Asci(B + C)| Frequency of Recombinant Asci(B + C)/total # asci)| Frequency of Type B Asci(B/total # asci)| Frequency of Type C Asci(C/total # asci)| Ratio B/C| # of Type A Asci(4:4)| # of Type B Asci(2:4:2)| # of Type C Asci(2:2:2:2)| | | | | | | Tan Spore Color| | | | 5669| 4301| 3976| 13946| 8277| 8277/13946| 4301/13946| 3976/13946| 4301/3976| Gray Spore Color| 3012| 2081| 1973| 7066| 4054| 2054/7066| 2081/7066| 1973/7066| 2081/1973| Cross over frequencyType B (2:4:2) asci| Type C(2:2:2:2) asci| Total Recombinant| Tan Spore Color| | | 30. 8%| 28. 5%| 59. 4%| Gray Spore Color| | | 29. 5%| 27. 9%| 57. 4% | Crossing over Frequency = Recombinant asci/Total asci x 100 The results show that 59. 4% of tan spores and 57. 4% of gray spores experienced crossing over. 2% more tan spores were recombinant compared to gray spores. Mapping Distance Mapping distance = % Crossing over/2 Tan Spore 59. 4/2 = 29. 7 mu Gray Spore 57. 4/2 = 28. 7 mu The results mean that there was 29. 7 mu for tan and 28. mu for gray between the crossing over and the centromere. Taking results from such a large group of data makes for a more accurate result. The image shows the possible combination outcomes of sordaria. The first one shows no crossing over (4:4) and the next two show crossing over with results (2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2). DISCUSSION This experiment helped us to better understand the importance of crossing over in sexual reproduction and also meiosis. The results showed that the Sordaria were more likely to cross over. With 59. 4% and 57. % recombinant, a majority of Sordaria show genetic independence. Genetic independence allows for Sordaria to survive, adapt, and continue reproducing. They produced different offspring due to meiosis and mitosis. The two percent difference could be possible due to the different spore strains and their optimal conditions. Within the experiment several errors could have occurred. One of the implications could have been the counting of the asci. When viewing them from a microscope it is very difficult to keep track of every single asci.Some could have been double counted or missed entirely. Another possible experiment would be to test a larger sample. Larger samples allows for more accurate results. A second experiment would be to test another organism that experiences the process meiosis and mitosis through asexual reproduction. A third experiment could carry out the same process but under different conditions to see if the results show the same pattern. In conclusion, Sordaria fimicola showed the process of crossing over and meiosis.It displayed the impor tance of genetic variation for use of survival and adaption. REFERENCES â€Å"Bio 110 Lab Activity: Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in Sordaria, week of September 24th. † Pennsylvania State University 2011. Volk, Thomas. â€Å"Sordaria Fimicola, a Fungus Used in Genetics– Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 2007. † Sordaria Fimicola, a Fungus Used in Genetics– Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 2007. University of Wisconsin, 2007. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. .

Primary Functions Of A Manager - 1308 Words

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS IN MANAGEMENT Management is the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, through and with other people (Robbins, DeCenzo Coulter, 2015). The functions of a manager are defined primarily as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. This paper will discuss these functions, their importance and benefits. PLANNING Virtually every step in professional project management includes project planning and replanning (Allen, McLees, Richardson Waterford, 2015). Management needs to plan, define goals, institute a plan of action or policy regarding achieving stated goals, and develop a formula to obtain the primary objectives of the organization. A plan enables a manager to establish tasks and schedule†¦show more content†¦Managers are faced with making decisions regarding every aspect of the company. Decision making is the essence of management (Robbins, et.al. 2015). Managers are responsible for an organized group of employees with a common or specific purpose. It is up to them to make the proper decisions, organize the jobs necessary for the overall efficiency, productivity and success of the organization. Every organization grows, prospers or fails as a result of decisions made by its members (Ada,S. and Ghaffarzadeh,M., 2015) Decision Making Managers want to be good decision makers and exhibit good decision-making behaviors so they appear competent and intelligent to their boss, employees and coworkers (Robbins, et.al, 2015). Managers must be able to understand and evaluate a problem, remain logical, and keep the focus on the organizations goal in regards to making any changes or decisions. They need to organize their team based on their knowledge and performance, evaluating objectively what is the best PRIMARY FUNCTIONS IN MANAGEMENT 4 and most efficient outcome for the company. 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Essay on Qualitative Research for Instructional Technology

Qualitative Research for Instructional Technology Background: A trend of the past several years has been the growing use of qualitative research for educational research. Qualitative research, broadly defined, means any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification. Where quantitative researchers seek causal determination, prediction, and generalization of findings, qualitative researchers seek instead illumination, understanding, and extrapolation to similar situations. Qualitative analysis results in a different type of knowledge than does quantitative inquiry. (Hoepfl, 1997, p.13). During the past several decades, particularly during the 1970s†¦show more content†¦15). 1. Qualitative research uses the natural setting as the source of data. The researcher attempts to observe, describe and interpret settings as they are, maintaining an empathic neutrality. 2. The researcher acts as the human instrument of data collection. 3. Qualitative researchers predominantly use inductive data analysis. 4. Qualitative research reports are descriptive, incorporating expressive language and the presence of voice in the text. 5. Qualitative research has an interpretive character, aimed at discovering the meaning events have for the individuals who experience them, and the interpretations of those meanings by the researcher. 6. Qualitative researchers pay attention to the idiosyncratic as well as the pervasive, seeking the uniqueness of each case. 7. Qualitative research has an emergent (as opposed to predetermined) design, and researchers focus on this emerging process as well as the outcomes or product of the research. 8. Qualitative research is judged using special criteria for trustworthiness. Relevance to Instructional Technology: One of the keys to in-depth understanding of complex situations is an involvement with context. 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Alicia My Story, Book Summary Essay - 1345 Words

The main character in this story is a Jewish girl named Alicia. When the book starts she is ten years old, she lives in the Polish town of Buczacz with her four brothers, Moshe, Zachary, Bunio, and Herzl, and her mother and father . The holocaust experience began subtly at first when the Russians began to occupy Buczacz. When her brother Moshe was killed at a Boys School in Russia and her father was gathered up by German authorities, the reality of the whole situation quickly became very real. Her father was taken away shortly after the Russians had moved out and the Germans began to occupy Buczacz. Once the Germans occupied, they moved the Jewish population of Buczacz into mass ghettos. Alicia and the rest of her†¦show more content†¦One day Alicia was informed that her brother had been hanged. After Zacharys death, Alicia was befriended by a woman named Bella. She met many good friends in the ghetto including a future friend as well as savior, Milek . Months later , Alicia and several other people were rounded up and sent to a prison in Chortkov. Here the conditions were very poor. Every day more and more people were taken out and shot. On the inside of the cells it was a cesspool of germs and diseases. Every morning the jailkeepers would go around the cell and kick people to see if they were still alive. One of these times Alicia was taken for dead and put onto a wagon with other bodies. The driver of the wagon found her, nursed her back to better health and then brought her back to the ghetto. During this time, before, and after she returned to the ghetto attempts to rid the ghettos of Jews were called actions. To escape being caught by the German police who took part in the actions, they built large bunkers to hide from their captors. After several of these actions, the Buczacz ghetto had been emptied by more than half. At this point the time came to move to a new ghetto. Alicia had been in this new ghetto only a short time when a nother action occurred. This time Alicia was captured and brought to a mass grave with a multitude of other Jews. Just when Alicia wasShow MoreRelated Alicia My Story, Book Summary Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pages The main character in this story is a Jewish girl named Alicia. When the book starts she is ten years old, she lives in the Polish town of Buczacz with her four brothers, Moshe, Zachary, Bunio, and Herzl, and her mother and father . The holocaust experience began subtly at first when the Russians began to occupy Buczacz. When her brother Moshe was killed at a â€Å" Boys School† in Russia and her father was gathered up by German authorities, the reality of the whole situation quickly became very realRead MoreArticle Review : The Magic Pudding Essay1810 Words   |  8 Pages1. 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Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. JudgeRead MoreSelf Service28523 Words   |  115 Pagesdedicated in memory of my late parents Chief Phillip Opara-Nadi and Chief/Mrs. Helen A. Opara-Nadi. iii Acknowledgments As this journey comes to an end; it would be great if I acknowledge everyone who helped make this journey a success. I know that I cannot recognize everyone of these individuals here. However, I am sincerely grateful to all these wonderful people. I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to the members of my dissertation committee Dr. Alicia A. Mosley, Dr. Norberto